As high-density data centers continue to add AI workloads, there's growing interest in liquid cooling, thanks to its ability to transfer heat more efficiently than air cooling.
Most enterprise data centers have gotten by just fine by air cooling their CPUs and servers, but AI is forcing IT to consider new cooling types, including liquid cooling. With power draws for CPUs hitting 400 watts and GPUs hitting 700 watts, air cooling is simply not sufficient for the extremely hot-running, power-hungry chips used in AI.
Today, 22% of data centers are using liquid cooling, according to IDC numbers. Pros and cons of air, liquid and geothermal cooling systems)
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*1. Heat capture within the server: How to use a liquid medium (such as dielectric oil, or water) to absorb heat from IT components.
*2. Types of coolant distribution units (CDU): There are multiple ways to move liquid around server racks. Schneider's paper covers how to select the appropriate CDU based on heat exchange methods (liquid-to-air, liquid-to-liquid) and form factors (rack-mounted, floor-mounted).
*3. Heat rejection methods: Determining how to effectively transfer heat to the outdoors, either through existing facility systems or dedicated setups.
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Bunger said there is still a fear of leaks when companies consider liquid cooling, and it's okay to have reasonable anxiety about that. "But I think people still kind of forget that there is water everywhere in the data center, with chilled water systems and everything like this. And this is just a little bit of an extension of that. So, you know, it's not as scary as people think," he said.
Migrating to liquid cooling is not something that is casually done and typically requires an experienced IT integrator, Bunger noted. "If it's a first-time deployment for somebody doing liquid cooling, for sure, [I would recommend] to lean on the IT integrator," he said.
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