1 Legal and regulatory framework
1.1 What role does the state play in the renewables industry and which national legislative and regulatory provisions have relevance for the renewables industry in your jurisdiction?
The Korean government began to devote attention to the energy transition with the adoption of the Act on the Promotion of the Development, Use and Diffusion of New and Renewable Energy ('NRE Act') in 2002.
In
Key statutes and regulations in relation to the NRE industry include the following:
- The NRE Act provides for:
- the regulation of the development, use and supply of NRE, which serves as a basis for the government's overall roadmap to promote the NRE industry;
-
the establishment by the
Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy of the Basic Plan for Development, Utilisation and Deployment of New and Renewable Energy every five years, setting forth the long-term goals of the government in the NRE sector as required under the NRE Act; and - the regulation of the issuance and trading of NRE certificates.
- The Electric Utility Act provides for:
- the issue of permits to entities intending to supply electricity generated using NRE; and
- the regulation of electric utility businesses, power supply by renewable energy electricity suppliers and power trading.
Other relevant statutes and regulations include:
- the Electrical Construction Business Act, which regulates the installation, maintenance and repair of electric generation facilities;
- the National Land Planning and Utilisation Act, which regulates the installation of buildings and spatial structures; and
-
the internal regulations of
Korea Electric Power Corporation (KEPCO) , such as the Terms of Use of Electric Transmission and Distribution Facilities, which regulate grid connection and the sale of the generated electricity.
1.2 Which bilateral or multilateral instruments or treaties with effect in your jurisdiction have relevance for the renewables industry?
Bilateral or multilateral instruments or treaties with effect in
International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) Statute: Effective inKorea as of8 July 2010 , IRENA advocates for the increased adoption and sustainable use of renewable energy by:- providing policy advice, recommendations and platforms for debate; and
- promoting the transfer of knowledge and technology, the development of capacity and research and development.
-
Paris Agreement: Parties to the Paris Agreement must propose their nationally determined contributions (NDCs).
Korea has proposed a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions by 24.4% in 2030 as compared with 2017. The government is transitioning to an NRE industry to achieve its NDCs.
The renewables organisations to which
Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) Energy Working Group : This promotes the exchange of information and cooperation in the area of energy efficiency and the NRE sector among APEC member states.-
ASEAN+3 Plan of Action for Energy Cooperation (
Renewables/Energy Efficiency Forum ): This is a joint initiative to promote energy cooperation among the 10 member states of theAssociation of Southeast Asian Nations andKorea ,China andJapan
1.3 Which national regulatory bodies are responsible for enforcing the applicable laws and regulations? What powers do they have and what is their general approach in regulating the renewables industry?
The main regulatory body for the NRE sector is the
- issuing electricity business licences and making any modifications thereto;
- approving the acquisition of electric utilities or the division or merger of corporations in the sector;
- revoking electric utility licences, suspending business operations, reducing business zones and imposing surcharges;
- approving charges and other conditions for using electric installations for the transmission or distribution of electric power;
- approving basic terms and conditions of supply and supplementary terms and conditions of supply of an electric sales business entity;
- approving the basic terms and conditions of supply of a district electric business entity;
- determining the maximum electricity trading price;
- approving the rules on operating the electricity market and the rules on operating the brokerage market;
- handling matters concerning annual plans and managing the credibility of electric power systems and the enactment, amendment and repeal of related rules; and
- handling matters concerning the reorganisation of the electric power industry, such as introducing competitive systems to the electric power industry.
1.4 What role do regional or local government or public bodies play in the renewables industry?
If the capacity of a power plant is below a certain threshold, the head of the local municipality with jurisdiction will be delegated as the authority for the approval or revocation of the permit for an electric utility business, as well as any acquisition thereof. The local municipalities also regulate the development of NRE projects by instituting local regulations.
- engages in:
- the sale of electricity purchased from developers; and
- the construction and operation of the transmission and distribution channels; and
- operates as an enterprise participating in the NRE sector indirectly through private developers.
An electric business entity equipped with NRE generation facilities and selling such generated electricity may participate in the power market or trade electricity by entering into a power purchase agreement. The
2 Renewables industry
2.1 Which renewable technologies are considered relatively mature in your jurisdiction, and which are emerging as potentially new technologies in the market?
Under the Act on the Promotion of the Development, Use and Diffusion of New and Renewable Energy:
- 'New energy' is defined as energy that either:
- is converted from existing fossil fuels; or
- uses electricity or heat generated through the chemical reaction of hydrogen and oxygen, including hydrogen energy, fuel cells, energy from liquefied or gasified coal and energy from gasified heavy residual oil; and
- 'Renewable energy' is defined as energy converted from renewable energy sources such as sunlight, water, geothermal, precipitation or bio-organisms, including solar energy, wind power, water power, marine energy, geothermal energy and bioenergy converted from biological resources.
Based on the generation capacity of renewable energy facilities as of 2020, solar power constituted 71% of the overall capacity, followed by wind power and hydroelectric power (8%), and bioenergy (6%). Accordingly, solar power technologies can be deemed relatively mature in
The area with the largest growth potential appears to be wind power. The Korean government is planning on increasing the ratio of wind power among new and renewable energy (NRE) sources by up to 35.1% by 2034, as stated in its Fifth Basic Plan on the Development, Utilisation and Deployment of New and Renewable Energy.
2.2 Who are the key players in the renewables industry in your jurisdiction?
- Individual NRE companies generate and sell electricity from the installation of renewable energy facilities.
- The
Korea Electric Power Corporation purchases electricity from developers and sells it to retail customers, while also operating the transmission and distribution channels. - The
Korea Power Exchange operates the power market, connecting sellers and buyers of electricity. - The government and local municipalities determine the overall direction of the NRE industry by introducing laws and regulations. In addition, they have the authority to:
- issue permits for electric utility businesses; and
- determine the price and terms of transmission and distribution facilities.
2.3 How much do renewables currently contribute to the domestic energy mix? What are the near-term projections for the role they will play?
As of 2021, power generation by energy type consisted of:
- coal (34.3%);
- liquefied natural gas (LNG) (29.2%);
- nuclear (27.4%); and
- NRE (7.5%).
According to the Tenth Basic Plan of Long-Term Electricity Supply and Demand published by the government in
- the projected ratio in 2030 consisting of:
- nuclear (32.4%);
- coal (19.7%);
- LNG (22.9%); and
- NRE (21.6%); and
- the projected ratio in 2036 consisting of:
- nuclear (34.6%);
- coal (14.4%);
- LNG (9.3%); and
- NRE (30.6%).
3 Utility-scale renewables projects
3.1 What utility-scale renewables projects are currently operational or planned in your jurisdiction? What are their key features?
New and renewable energy (NRE) projects with a planned generation capacity of 100 megawatts (MW) or more are largely solar or offshore wind farm projects. Based on a proposal that is scheduled to commence in 2023, published by the
3.2 What authorisations are required for the construction and operation of utility-scale renewables projects in your jurisdiction?
Anyone that intends to operate an electric utility business should obtain:
- an electricity business licence (EBL) from the
Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy if the generation capacity exceeds 3 MW; - an environmental impact assessment if the generation capacity is 10 MW or more; and
- approval of the works plan if the output of the power plant is 10 MW or more.
3.3 Do these authorisations vary in respect of the location of the energy source, the location of the asset or the involvement of a foreign entity?
The authorisation required will depend on the source of energy and the location of the assets. For instance, solar power plants require a development permit pursuant to the National Land Planning and Utilisation Act, as they constitute spatial structures. They may also require permission to divert farmland pursuant to the Farmland Act or permission to convert a mountainous district pursuant to the Mountainous Districts Management Act, depending on the nature of the land where the power plants will be installed. Offshore wind farms may require a permit for occupation/use of public waters and approval of the plan for the occupation or use pursuant to the Public Waters Management and Reclamation Act.
A foreign entity's ownership of interest in a Korean developer will not affect the requirements for the permits mentioned above. However, additional permits may be needed for offshore wind farm projects where a foreign entity owns at least half of the interests, such as approval of marine scientific research.
3.4 What is the procedure for obtaining such authorisations? How long does this typically take? Who is responsible for issuing them?
For power plants with a generation capacity exceeding 3 MW, an application for the EBL must be submitted to the
If the generation capacity is 10 MW or more, an environmental impact assessment must be obtained from the
- submission of the draft environmental impact assessment;
- the resident comment period;
- review and supplementation of the environmental impact assessment; and
- implementation of the agreed action.
The total duration of this process is generally more than one year.
Installation of a power plant with an output of 10 MW or more requires the approval of a works plan by the
3.5 What are the key features of such authorisations, including any process for renewal and the rights and obligations of the holder?
- the preparation of the EBL (from the date on which the developer obtains the generation permit until the date of commencement of business filed with the ministry); and
- approval of the works plan (from the date on which the developer obtained the generation permit until the commencement date of the construction upon due approval of the works).
The preparatory period permitted is:
- three years for solar power development; and
- four years for wind power development.
However, if a power plant constitutes a facility required for the stability of power supply, the preparatory period and the deadline for approval of the works plan may be adjusted or extended upon demonstration of an unavoidable reason why the developer could not commence its project as planned during the prescribed preparatory period.
3.6 Can these authorisations be transferred? If so, how and subject to what consents? Do any restrictions apply to the transfer?
Anyone that intends to acquire an electric utility business with a generation capacity of 20 MW or more, fully or partially, must obtain approval from the relevant authority. Approval will be granted if the acquirer:
- satisfies the criteria that the electric utility business had satisfied for its initial EBL (ie, the financial and technological capacity to conduct the electric utility business and implement the business as planned); and
- is not likely to undermine public interests as a result of the acquisition by adversely affecting electricity supply and demand or lowering the quality of electricity.
Furthermore, solar power generation businesses are subject to an additional requirement that the business must commence within the preparatory period for the EBL in principle.
3.7 What obligations apply in relation to decommissioning? How is this funded?
Where an NRE facility is installed on houses or buildings as part of a subsidy pursuant to the Rules on Subsidy for NRE Facilities:
- approval must be obtained from a relevant NRE centre established by the
Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy within energy-related institutes inKorea if the facility is decommissioned within five years of the date of installation; and - a simple notification must be made to the NRE centre if the facility is decommissioned after five years from the date of installation.
A bill for the partial amendment of the Act on the Promotion of the Development, Use and Diffusion of New and Renewable Energy was introduced in 2020 to add subsidies for processing and recycling of decommissioned facilities into project funding for the technological development, use and distribution of NRE, in order for the government to take initiative in handling decommissioned NRE facilities. However, the bill was never passed.
3.8 What are the main barriers to the development of utility-scale renewables projects in your jurisdiction?
There are many barriers, including:
- regulation by the government and local municipalities; and
- delays in the permit process.
One of the major barriers is civil complaints by residents in areas adjacent to generation facilities. The government must pay attention to such complaints and business may be suspended even after an EBL has been obtained while additional permits are obtained from local municipalities for this reason.
3.9 Environmental issues
- What environmental regulations or requirements must renewables generators in your jurisdiction observe on an ongoing basis (from pre-development to decommissioning)?
- What are the potential consequences of breach of these requirements - both for the renewables generator and for its directors, managers and employees?
- Which national and regional regulatory bodies are responsible for the enforcement of environmental obligations, and what is their general approach in regulating the renewables industry?
- air (weather, atmosphere, odour, greenhouse gas);
- waters (water quality, marine environment);
- land (use of land, soil, geography, geology);
- ecology (fauna and flora, natural environment);
- living environment (noise, vibration, entertainment, landscape, sanitation, public health, radio interference, interference with sunlight); and
- society and economy (demography, habitation, industry).
- make corrective measures;
- suspend construction; or
- restore the site.
- What key health and safety requirements apply to renewables projects in your jurisdiction and are there best practices in relation to health and safety that should be adopted?
- What are the potential consequences of breach of these requirements - both for the renewables generator and for its directors, managers and employees?
- to appoint a safety and health manager;
- to prepare and implement a manual and guidelines for safety and health management; and
- not to directly control, operate or manage the construction itself, in order to minimise the risk of punishment for such accidents.
- the owner or executive officer (who represents the business and is authorised to supervise the business, or who supervises safety and health aspects in similar capacity) of the employer or contractor may be subject to imprisonment or penalties; and
- the relevant corporate entity may also be subject to penalties pursuant to joint penalty provisions.
- may only require small-scale environment impact assessments, depending on the region; or
- may not be required to conduct any environmental impact assessment if the impact on the environment is minimal.
- machinery for the production and use of NRE pursuant to the NRE Act; or
-
machinery for the improvement of grid connections that is imported and is impractical to be manufactured in
Korea . - an application for new use of transmission facilities must be submitted; and
- the developer must enter into an agreement to use such facilities in a form prescribed under the terms of use.
- the Electric Utility Act;
- the Act on the Promotion of the Development, Use and Diffusion of New and Renewable Energy; or
- the Overseas Resources Development Business Act.
Korea Fire Safety Standard KFS-41 (Korea Fire Protection Association );- electro-technical regulations; and
- NFPA 855 (an international standard).
- maximum capacity;
- separation distance;
- location;
- mitigating conditions; and
- fire-fighting partitions.
- the adoption of a guaranteed lifecycle for batteries;
- the functions of residual current devices;
- the installation of a decompression function;
- mandatory regular monitoring (once a month);
- the addition of safety standards for used batteries;
- the addition of installation standards for portable ESSs;
- the adoption of a recall regime;
- mandatory insurance subscription; and
- mitigation of separation distance.
- one seller,
Korea Electric Power Corporation (KEPCO) ; - 5,419 developers; and
- 34 personal and district electric businesses.
- facilitates power trading;
- instructs developments; and
- is responsible for the stable operation of the power system.
KEPCO 's six subsidiaries (five thermal power developers andKorea Hydro & Nuclear Power Co, Ltd ); and-
private new and renewable energy developers.
SK E&S is the largest private renewable energy company, operating solar power projects and wind power projects with a capacity of 150 megawatts (MW) and planning on developing an additional 3 GW of renewable energy projects both in and out ofKorea . - It is disadvantageous in the market because there are many steps to be undertaken and the billing practice is complicated;
- There is little incentive for cost reduction; and
- The generation is overly concentrated in solar power and bioenergy, for which the implementation of the RPS is relatively more convenient.
- the reflection of sunlight;
- the risk of personal and financial damage in case of fire or destruction of the facilities;
- electromagnetic waves;
- radiant heat; and
- aesthetic nuisance.
- submitting false tax statements in relation to solar power projects to obtain a loan;
- borrowing money after illegally installing solar power facilities on farmland;
- executing private contracts by technically splitting up power plants; and
- committing accounting fraud (eg, falsification of the accounts).
- poor cost efficiency;
- heightened pressure on the power system;
- an increase in resident complaints; and
- a weakened industrial ecosystem.
- increase:
- the ratio of renewable energy in the energy mix to 70.8% by 2050; and
- the self-sufficiency rate of clean hydrogen to 60% by 2050; and
-
promote private investments in carbon neutrality by subsidising carbon-neutral investments in the amount of
KRW 94 trillion and policy financing ofKRW 35 trillion by 2025. - expanding the subsidy for greenhouse gas reductions in facilities from
KRW 97.9 billion toKRW 138.8 billion ; and - adopting carbon contracts for difference (CCfDs) to solicit corporations to invest in innovative reduction technology. CCfDs allow corporations to enter into contracts with the government when they invest in reduction facilities and to be indemnified for any difference between the agreed price and the price of the emissions.
(a) What environmental regulations or requirements must renewables generators in your jurisdiction observe on an ongoing basis (from pre-development to decommissioning)?
The main environmental regulation for renewable energy developers is the Environmental Impact Assessment Act. During an environmental impact assessment under the act, the impact of the contemplated project on the following will be considered:
Renewable developers must implement actions agreed on as a result of the environmental impact assessment. The
If a renewable energy developer fails to obtain an environmental impact assessment where this is required under the Environmental Impact Assessment Act, it will be unable to carry out the project, as any approval or disposition that has been granted to the project will be automatically null and void. The developer may also be subject to administrative fines.
Developers that conduct an environmental impact assessment but that fail to implement all actions agreed with the
If an order to suspend construction or restore the site is issued, the project itself may not be feasible.
At the generation stage, after completion of the development of the power plant, issues typically arise in relation to compliance with emission or processing standards under relevant environmental laws (eg, the
The central regulatory body in charge of the enforcement of environmental obligations is the
If a project contemplated by a renewable energy developer is subject to an environmental impact assessment, the parties usually consider this to be an obligation in order to deal with any environmental issues in advance.
3.10 Health and safety issues
(a) What key health and safety requirements apply to renewables projects in your jurisdiction and are there best practices in relation to health and safety that should be adopted?
Upon the occurrence of an industrial accident, the Occupational Safety and Health Act and Serious Accidents Punishment Act may apply. Thus, the general practice for the employer of a project is:
If an industrial accident or serious accident (as defined in the relevant statutes) occurs and it is found to have been caused by a violation by the employer or a contractor of its obligations:
4 Distributed generation projects
4.1 What are the key differences in relation to small-scale distributed generation projects compared to utility-scale projects in your jurisdiction with regard to the regime discussed in question 3?
Projects with a generation capacity of 10 megawatts (MW) or more will typically be required to conduct environmental impact assessments. Projects with a smaller capacity:
In addition, anyone that intends to engage in an electric utility business with generation capacity exceeding 3 MW must obtain an electricity business licence (EBL) from the
The installation of a power plant with an output of 10 MW or more requires approval of the works plan; but a simple notification is sufficient for power plants with a lower output.
4.2 What are the main networks that apply to small-scale distributed generation projects in your jurisdiction?
Transmission and distribution channels are operated and managed by
5 Taxes and incentives
5.1 What national, regional and/or local incentives are available as subsidies or support to facilitate the deployment of renewables projects in your jurisdiction?
The Korean government procures project funding to supply new and renewable energy and implements subsidies for companies that install new and renewable energy facilities. According to the 2022 New and Renewable Energy Financial Subsidy Notice published by the
The government also instituted a new and renewable energy certificate (REC) system to promote the supply of new and renewable energy (NRE). Businesses can preserve profits by obtaining and selling RECs in addition to selling electricity generated from NRE facilities.
5.2 Are any tax reliefs available for investment in renewables projects?
By
Previously, an investment in energy-saving facilities made by a Korean entity before
5.3 Have there been any interventions affecting renewables projects in terms of their ability to be constructed or operated, or their ability to earn revenue, in your jurisdiction?
See question 5.1.
5.4 What other incentives are available to promote the development of the renewables industry in your jurisdiction?
The Renewable Portfolio Standard (RPS) and mandatory installations in public institutions.
The RPS is a policy that requires a mandatory supply of NRE by designating a particular entity as a 'mandatory supplier' to use NRE for generation above a certain threshold. The government has designated developers with a capacity of 500 MW or more as mandatory suppliers and has imposed individual supply quotas. Mandatory suppliers must obtain RECs and submit them to the government. The cap for the annual total quota of the mandatory supply of NRE was recently increased from 10% to 25%.
Meanwhile, the
6 Financing structures
6.1 Is debt financing typically used and are there any particular structures that are common for renewables projects in your jurisdiction?
Debt financing is widely used in new and renewable energy development projects.
6.2 What are the advantages and disadvantages of these different types of structures?
Through project financing, large expenditures for a project - such as the engineering-procurement-construction contract price - can be provided for.
6.3 What other considerations and concerns should parties bear in mind when deciding on a financing structure for a renewables project?
The development of renewable projects in
6.4 What main financing institutions are active in your jurisdiction?
Major financing institutions include banks and funds.
6.5 Which financing markets are usually turned to for sources of debt in your jurisdiction, (eg, local,
Financing is usually procured from domestic financial institutions and funds in the form of project financing; but recently foreign private developers and large foreign investments have been entering the Korean market.
7 Transmission, distribution and export
7.1 What are the applicable processes for connecting renewables projects with transmission, distribution and export networks in your jurisdiction? Do these processes differ between different types of renewable technologies and between renewables and non-renewable projects?
In order for a developer to transmit the electricity generated from solar power plants to a transmitting entity such as
There is no difference in transmission among renewable energies; but the route, terms and certification of supply for renewable energy are distinguished from those for non-renewable energy under the Electric Utility Act.
7.2 What requirements and restrictions apply to the export of renewable energy onto the network?
7.3 What other considerations and concerns should be borne in mind in relation to the transmission, distribution and export of renewable energy in your jurisdiction, including participation in ancillary services, wholesale electricity trading markets, network charging arrangements specific to renewables and the ability to construct part of the connection infrastructure? Are there long queues and delays for connection?
In
7.4 Are there any initiatives, reforms or consultations relating to the connection of renewables projects?
The criteria for permits for new generation business in solar power, wind (onshore and offshore) power and fuel cells, as well as the conditions for the extension of the permit period, are expected to become more stringent.
8 Storage
8.1 What processes and rules apply to parties wishing to construct and operate a storage (eg, battery, hydrogen, hydro) project in your jurisdiction?
Construction criteria: The applicable criteria include:
KFS-41 and NFPA are optional standards that were adapted from leading international safety standards. The criteria under the electro-technical regulations are administrative rules subsidiary to the Electric Utility Act and are mandatory. The above standards prescribe matters such as:
Operation criteria: On
8.2 Are there any barriers to the development of storage projects in your jurisdiction?
Economic feasibility is an issue due to the high price of batteries. In particular, it is difficult to secure profitability simply from trading on the spot market, given that electricity prices are low on the Korean power market.
The
8.3 What other considerations and concerns should be borne in mind in relation to the development of storage projects in your jurisdiction?
The Korean government is proactively considering the growth of ESS business to resolve issues with the power system. Although safety regulations in relation to ESS have been tightened since 2017, a total of 39 fires have occurred in ESS facilities in
9 Competition
9.1 Are there any dominant players, including dominant purchasers, in the renewables industry in your jurisdiction?
As of
The
Developers and the seller can only trade electricity through the KPX and will be subject to sanctions if trading outside of the KPX.
The suppliers active in
9.2 Are there any pro-competition measures that are targeted specifically at renewables generators?
Competitive bidding: Bidding is solicited for pricing purposes and the government will enter into a contract with the lowest-bidding company upon evaluation of the bids. Before there was competitive bidding, it was difficult to drive cost reductions, because most contracts were private contracts entered into with public developers. The competitive bidding process was adopted for solar projects in 2017 and for wind power projects in 2022 to promote the supply of solar power and wind power in a cost-efficient manner.
Transition to auction: The Renewable Portfolio Standard (RPS) is currently in place, but it has attracted criticisms for the following reasons:
In response, the
10 Disputes
10.1 In your jurisdiction, do disputes typically go to arbitration or litigation, and does this vary for different types of disputes? What sorts of matters tend to come up in disputes?
Disputes are typically resolved through litigation or arbitration. There has recently been a discussion on the need for a dispute resolution mechanism in the new and renewable energy sector.
Wind power generation: Disputes frequently arise among developers due to the excessive number of wind resource assessment devices. The priorities in wind resource measurement were unclear and the boundaries of the effective region for wind resource assessment can easily be extrapolated. In response, the
Solar power generation: Disputes frequently arise in relation to the location of facilities. More than half of the local municipalities in
10.2 Have there been any important disputes in the public domain that relate to or may potentially impact on the renewables industry or the deployment of renewables projects?
In 2022, the government inspected a sample of 12 out of 226 local municipalities in
The government stated that it had requested an investigation into unfair loans under the charge of fraud and will reclaim unfairly paid subsidies pursuant to the Subsidy Management Act.
11 Trends and predictions
11.1 How would you describe the current renewables landscape and prevailing trends in your jurisdiction?
According to the 2020 Status Report on the New and Renewable Energy Industry published by the
11.2 What influence are net zero commitments having on the development of the renewables industry in your jurisdiction?
In
11.3 What new developments are anticipated in the next 12 months, including any proposed legislative reforms?
The current administration's position is to adjust the direction and goal of carbon reduction to a realistic level. The
The government is also considering:
12 Tips and traps
12.1 What are your top tips for renewables generators in your jurisdiction and what potential sticking points would you highlight?
The current administration is inclined to expand nuclear power generation and reduce new and renewable energy (NRE). Based on the Tenth Basic Plan of Long-Term Electricity Supply and Demand, the government modified the previous administration's target generation by 2030 from 23.9% nuclear and 30.2% renewables to 32.4% nuclear and 21.6% renewables. The proportion of the Renewable Portfolio Standard which had been dramatically increased in 2021 was also lowered from 25% to 15% by 2026. While newcomers in the market will need to be careful in their approach to the feasibility of NRE business, the prospects remain optimistic in the long run.
One ongoing issue in the industry is the delay in the government permit process. It is necessary to seek advice from legal professionals before communicating with government officials, to ensure that companies intending to engage in NRE business do not fall victim to arbitrary decisions of agencies or officials that are not based on relevant laws.
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