A day earlier, he said that the CSTO mission, whose legitimacy and duration were queried by Washington, prompting an angry response from Moscow, numbered 2,030 troops and 250 pieces of military hardware.

Footage published by the Russian Defence Ministry on Monday (January 10) and Tuesday (January 11) showed CSTO soldiers patrolling at the airport and a power station in Almaty.

Russian President Vladimir Putin on Monday said the deployment had been crucial, claiming victory in defending Kazakhstan from what he described as a foreign-backed terrorist uprising.

CSTO troops were also first deployed to the capital, Nur-Sultan, prompting speculation that their mission was to protect the government and Tokayev himself at a time when he could not fully trust his own security forces.