Kathleen Hayes

Consumer Services

Finance

Active connections

Name	Gender	Age	Linked companies	Collaboration
Marc Gary	M	72	Fordham University Fordham University Other Consumer ServicesConsumer Services Fordham University provides college and university. It offers undergraduate colleges and graduate & professional schools. The company was founded in 1841 and is headquartered in Bronx, NY.	23 years
Nimesh Patel	M	47	AMCI Group AMCI Group Investment ManagersFinance AMCI Group is a private equity firm founded in 2006. The firm is headquartered in Greenwich, Connecticut.	16 years
Christian Vogt	M	-	AMCI Group AMCI Group Investment ManagersFinance AMCI Group is a private equity firm founded in 2006. The firm is headquartered in Greenwich, Connecticut.	17 years

Connections Chart

Multi-company connection

Former connections

Name	Gender	Age	Linked companies	Collaboration
Tom Higgins	M	-	Fordham University Fordham University Other Consumer ServicesConsumer Services Fordham University provides college and university. It offers undergraduate colleges and graduate & professional schools. The company was founded in 1841 and is headquartered in Bronx, NY.	7 years
Colleen Blanco	F	-	Fordham University Fordham University Other Consumer ServicesConsumer Services Fordham University provides college and university. It offers undergraduate colleges and graduate & professional schools. The company was founded in 1841 and is headquartered in Bronx, NY.	4 years
Adam W. Ackermann	M	-	Fordham University Fordham University Other Consumer ServicesConsumer Services Fordham University provides college and university. It offers undergraduate colleges and graduate & professional schools. The company was founded in 1841 and is headquartered in Bronx, NY.	8 years
Laura Dowling	F	44	Fordham University Fordham University Other Consumer ServicesConsumer Services Fordham University provides college and university. It offers undergraduate colleges and graduate & professional schools. The company was founded in 1841 and is headquartered in Bronx, NY.	5 years
Er Hai Liu	M	56	Fordham University Fordham University Other Consumer ServicesConsumer Services Fordham University provides college and university. It offers undergraduate colleges and graduate & professional schools. The company was founded in 1841 and is headquartered in Bronx, NY.	2 years
James P. Finnerty	M	-	Fordham University Fordham University Other Consumer ServicesConsumer Services Fordham University provides college and university. It offers undergraduate colleges and graduate & professional schools. The company was founded in 1841 and is headquartered in Bronx, NY.	5 years
Lisa Landman	M	-	Fordham University Fordham University Other Consumer ServicesConsumer Services Fordham University provides college and university. It offers undergraduate colleges and graduate & professional schools. The company was founded in 1841 and is headquartered in Bronx, NY.	3 years
Alena Brenner	F	47	Fordham University Fordham University Other Consumer ServicesConsumer Services Fordham University provides college and university. It offers undergraduate colleges and graduate & professional schools. The company was founded in 1841 and is headquartered in Bronx, NY.	3 years
Jun Hong Li	M	58	Fordham University Fordham University Other Consumer ServicesConsumer Services Fordham University provides college and university. It offers undergraduate colleges and graduate & professional schools. The company was founded in 1841 and is headquartered in Bronx, NY.	2 years
Ryan J. Hermsen	M	-	Fordham University Fordham University Other Consumer ServicesConsumer Services Fordham University provides college and university. It offers undergraduate colleges and graduate & professional schools. The company was founded in 1841 and is headquartered in Bronx, NY.	2 years
Rick Babich	M	-	Fordham University Fordham University Other Consumer ServicesConsumer Services Fordham University provides college and university. It offers undergraduate colleges and graduate & professional schools. The company was founded in 1841 and is headquartered in Bronx, NY.	2 years
Heather Ridill	F	-	Fordham University Fordham University Other Consumer ServicesConsumer Services Fordham University provides college and university. It offers undergraduate colleges and graduate & professional schools. The company was founded in 1841 and is headquartered in Bronx, NY.	4 years
Lou Liberatore	M	-	Fordham University Fordham University Other Consumer ServicesConsumer Services Fordham University provides college and university. It offers undergraduate colleges and graduate & professional schools. The company was founded in 1841 and is headquartered in Bronx, NY.	4 years
Pedro Sancholuz Ruda	M	-	Fordham University Fordham University Other Consumer ServicesConsumer Services Fordham University provides college and university. It offers undergraduate colleges and graduate & professional schools. The company was founded in 1841 and is headquartered in Bronx, NY.	2 years
Joseph S. Garbus	M	-	Fordham University Fordham University Other Consumer ServicesConsumer Services Fordham University provides college and university. It offers undergraduate colleges and graduate & professional schools. The company was founded in 1841 and is headquartered in Bronx, NY.	1 years
Meredith Prithviraj	F	-	Fordham University Fordham University Other Consumer ServicesConsumer Services Fordham University provides college and university. It offers undergraduate colleges and graduate & professional schools. The company was founded in 1841 and is headquartered in Bronx, NY.	3 years
Jia You Yan	M	60	Fordham University Fordham University Other Consumer ServicesConsumer Services Fordham University provides college and university. It offers undergraduate colleges and graduate & professional schools. The company was founded in 1841 and is headquartered in Bronx, NY.	2 years
Giuseppe Ricotta	M	-	Fordham University Fordham University Other Consumer ServicesConsumer Services Fordham University provides college and university. It offers undergraduate colleges and graduate & professional schools. The company was founded in 1841 and is headquartered in Bronx, NY.	2 years
Joe Benoit	M	-	Fordham University Fordham University Other Consumer ServicesConsumer Services Fordham University provides college and university. It offers undergraduate colleges and graduate & professional schools. The company was founded in 1841 and is headquartered in Bronx, NY.	4 years
Wen Hong Liu	M	56	Fordham University Fordham University Other Consumer ServicesConsumer Services Fordham University provides college and university. It offers undergraduate colleges and graduate & professional schools. The company was founded in 1841 and is headquartered in Bronx, NY.	2 years
Pete Reali	M	-	Fordham University Fordham University Other Consumer ServicesConsumer Services Fordham University provides college and university. It offers undergraduate colleges and graduate & professional schools. The company was founded in 1841 and is headquartered in Bronx, NY.	4 years
Brad LaScolea	M	-	Fordham University Fordham University Other Consumer ServicesConsumer Services Fordham University provides college and university. It offers undergraduate colleges and graduate & professional schools. The company was founded in 1841 and is headquartered in Bronx, NY.	4 years
Matthew W. Mamak	M	-	Fordham University Fordham University Other Consumer ServicesConsumer Services Fordham University provides college and university. It offers undergraduate colleges and graduate & professional schools. The company was founded in 1841 and is headquartered in Bronx, NY.	3 years
Nicole P. de Bello	F	-	Fordham University Fordham University Other Consumer ServicesConsumer Services Fordham University provides college and university. It offers undergraduate colleges and graduate & professional schools. The company was founded in 1841 and is headquartered in Bronx, NY.	3 years
Chris Berry	M	-	Fordham University Fordham University Other Consumer ServicesConsumer Services Fordham University provides college and university. It offers undergraduate colleges and graduate & professional schools. The company was founded in 1841 and is headquartered in Bronx, NY.	4 years
Andrew Forte	M	65	Fordham University Fordham University Other Consumer ServicesConsumer Services Fordham University provides college and university. It offers undergraduate colleges and graduate & professional schools. The company was founded in 1841 and is headquartered in Bronx, NY.	2 years
Ryan Fusaro	M	-	Fordham University Fordham University Other Consumer ServicesConsumer Services Fordham University provides college and university. It offers undergraduate colleges and graduate & professional schools. The company was founded in 1841 and is headquartered in Bronx, NY.	4 years
Todd Kushman	M	-	Fordham University Fordham University Other Consumer ServicesConsumer Services Fordham University provides college and university. It offers undergraduate colleges and graduate & professional schools. The company was founded in 1841 and is headquartered in Bronx, NY.	2 years
Jun Hong	M	63	Fordham University Fordham University Other Consumer ServicesConsumer Services Fordham University provides college and university. It offers undergraduate colleges and graduate & professional schools. The company was founded in 1841 and is headquartered in Bronx, NY.	2 years
Adam Handlos	M	-	Fordham University Fordham University Other Consumer ServicesConsumer Services Fordham University provides college and university. It offers undergraduate colleges and graduate & professional schools. The company was founded in 1841 and is headquartered in Bronx, NY.	3 years
Sean Reilly	M	-	Fordham University Fordham University Other Consumer ServicesConsumer Services Fordham University provides college and university. It offers undergraduate colleges and graduate & professional schools. The company was founded in 1841 and is headquartered in Bronx, NY.	4 years
Ming Yu Chen	M	61	Fordham University Fordham University Other Consumer ServicesConsumer Services Fordham University provides college and university. It offers undergraduate colleges and graduate & professional schools. The company was founded in 1841 and is headquartered in Bronx, NY.	2 years
Dan Castro	M	-	Fordham University Fordham University Other Consumer ServicesConsumer Services Fordham University provides college and university. It offers undergraduate colleges and graduate & professional schools. The company was founded in 1841 and is headquartered in Bronx, NY.	4 years
Paul Clark	M	-	Fordham University Fordham University Other Consumer ServicesConsumer Services Fordham University provides college and university. It offers undergraduate colleges and graduate & professional schools. The company was founded in 1841 and is headquartered in Bronx, NY.	2 years
James Rossi McCormack	M	-	Fordham University Fordham University Other Consumer ServicesConsumer Services Fordham University provides college and university. It offers undergraduate colleges and graduate & professional schools. The company was founded in 1841 and is headquartered in Bronx, NY.	4 years
Zheng He	M	52	Fordham University Fordham University Other Consumer ServicesConsumer Services Fordham University provides college and university. It offers undergraduate colleges and graduate & professional schools. The company was founded in 1841 and is headquartered in Bronx, NY.	2 years
Michael Golino	M	-	Fordham University Fordham University Other Consumer ServicesConsumer Services Fordham University provides college and university. It offers undergraduate colleges and graduate & professional schools. The company was founded in 1841 and is headquartered in Bronx, NY.	4 years
Oksana Aronov	F	-	Fordham University Fordham University Other Consumer ServicesConsumer Services Fordham University provides college and university. It offers undergraduate colleges and graduate & professional schools. The company was founded in 1841 and is headquartered in Bronx, NY.	4 years
Anix Vyas	M	-	Fordham University Fordham University Other Consumer ServicesConsumer Services Fordham University provides college and university. It offers undergraduate colleges and graduate & professional schools. The company was founded in 1841 and is headquartered in Bronx, NY.	4 years
Brian Griffith	M	50	Fordham University Fordham University Other Consumer ServicesConsumer Services Fordham University provides college and university. It offers undergraduate colleges and graduate & professional schools. The company was founded in 1841 and is headquartered in Bronx, NY.	2 years
Thomas W. Shipp	M	-	Fordham University Fordham University Other Consumer ServicesConsumer Services Fordham University provides college and university. It offers undergraduate colleges and graduate & professional schools. The company was founded in 1841 and is headquartered in Bronx, NY.	4 years
Marc P. Schwartz	M	-	Fordham University Fordham University Other Consumer ServicesConsumer Services Fordham University provides college and university. It offers undergraduate colleges and graduate & professional schools. The company was founded in 1841 and is headquartered in Bronx, NY.	2 years
Yan Xiang Zhang	M	60	Fordham University Fordham University Other Consumer ServicesConsumer Services Fordham University provides college and university. It offers undergraduate colleges and graduate & professional schools. The company was founded in 1841 and is headquartered in Bronx, NY.	2 years
Wei Feng Zhou	M	54	Fordham University Fordham University Other Consumer ServicesConsumer Services Fordham University provides college and university. It offers undergraduate colleges and graduate & professional schools. The company was founded in 1841 and is headquartered in Bronx, NY.	2 years
Rui Chen	M	50	Fordham University Fordham University Other Consumer ServicesConsumer Services Fordham University provides college and university. It offers undergraduate colleges and graduate & professional schools. The company was founded in 1841 and is headquartered in Bronx, NY.	2 years
Neil Asinger	M	-	Fordham University Fordham University Other Consumer ServicesConsumer Services Fordham University provides college and university. It offers undergraduate colleges and graduate & professional schools. The company was founded in 1841 and is headquartered in Bronx, NY.	4 years
Nikita Bely	F	-	Fordham University Fordham University Other Consumer ServicesConsumer Services Fordham University provides college and university. It offers undergraduate colleges and graduate & professional schools. The company was founded in 1841 and is headquartered in Bronx, NY.	4 years
Kelly Beam	F	-	Fordham University Fordham University Other Consumer ServicesConsumer Services Fordham University provides college and university. It offers undergraduate colleges and graduate & professional schools. The company was founded in 1841 and is headquartered in Bronx, NY.	3 years
Andrew Shinn	M	-	Fordham University Fordham University Other Consumer ServicesConsumer Services Fordham University provides college and university. It offers undergraduate colleges and graduate & professional schools. The company was founded in 1841 and is headquartered in Bronx, NY.	4 years
Seth M. Weinstein	M	55	Fordham University Fordham University Other Consumer ServicesConsumer Services Fordham University provides college and university. It offers undergraduate colleges and graduate & professional schools. The company was founded in 1841 and is headquartered in Bronx, NY.	3 years
Stephen Graham Prince	M	61	Fordham University Fordham University Other Consumer ServicesConsumer Services Fordham University provides college and university. It offers undergraduate colleges and graduate & professional schools. The company was founded in 1841 and is headquartered in Bronx, NY.	2 years
Dawn Renee Brock	F	-	Fordham University Fordham University Other Consumer ServicesConsumer Services Fordham University provides college and university. It offers undergraduate colleges and graduate & professional schools. The company was founded in 1841 and is headquartered in Bronx, NY.	2 years
Stephen Russe DeNichilo	M	-	Fordham University Fordham University Other Consumer ServicesConsumer Services Fordham University provides college and university. It offers undergraduate colleges and graduate & professional schools. The company was founded in 1841 and is headquartered in Bronx, NY.	2 years
John Espinosa	M	-	Fordham University Fordham University Other Consumer ServicesConsumer Services Fordham University provides college and university. It offers undergraduate colleges and graduate & professional schools. The company was founded in 1841 and is headquartered in Bronx, NY.	2 years
Yan Lager	M	-	Fordham University Fordham University Other Consumer ServicesConsumer Services Fordham University provides college and university. It offers undergraduate colleges and graduate & professional schools. The company was founded in 1841 and is headquartered in Bronx, NY.	2 years
Adam Krop	M	-	Fordham University Fordham University Other Consumer ServicesConsumer Services Fordham University provides college and university. It offers undergraduate colleges and graduate & professional schools. The company was founded in 1841 and is headquartered in Bronx, NY.	2 years
Paul C. Brigandi	M	-	Fordham University Fordham University Other Consumer ServicesConsumer Services Fordham University provides college and university. It offers undergraduate colleges and graduate & professional schools. The company was founded in 1841 and is headquartered in Bronx, NY.	4 years
Brian Morton	M	-	Fordham University Fordham University Other Consumer ServicesConsumer Services Fordham University provides college and university. It offers undergraduate colleges and graduate & professional schools. The company was founded in 1841 and is headquartered in Bronx, NY.	2 years
Charles L. Curran	M	-	Fordham University Fordham University Other Consumer ServicesConsumer Services Fordham University provides college and university. It offers undergraduate colleges and graduate & professional schools. The company was founded in 1841 and is headquartered in Bronx, NY.	2 years
Charlie Gaffney	M	52	Fordham University Fordham University Other Consumer ServicesConsumer Services Fordham University provides college and university. It offers undergraduate colleges and graduate & professional schools. The company was founded in 1841 and is headquartered in Bronx, NY.	2 years
Richard Hugh Wesolowski	M	-	Fordham University Fordham University Other Consumer ServicesConsumer Services Fordham University provides college and university. It offers undergraduate colleges and graduate & professional schools. The company was founded in 1841 and is headquartered in Bronx, NY.	2 years
Brian Vincent DiRubbio	M	-	Fordham University Fordham University Other Consumer ServicesConsumer Services Fordham University provides college and university. It offers undergraduate colleges and graduate & professional schools. The company was founded in 1841 and is headquartered in Bronx, NY.	2 years
David Lo	M	-	Fordham University Fordham University Other Consumer ServicesConsumer Services Fordham University provides college and university. It offers undergraduate colleges and graduate & professional schools. The company was founded in 1841 and is headquartered in Bronx, NY.	2 years
Karl T. Richtenburg	M	-	Fordham University Fordham University Other Consumer ServicesConsumer Services Fordham University provides college and university. It offers undergraduate colleges and graduate & professional schools. The company was founded in 1841 and is headquartered in Bronx, NY.	1 years
Mary Ann Kush	F	58	Fordham University Fordham University Other Consumer ServicesConsumer Services Fordham University provides college and university. It offers undergraduate colleges and graduate & professional schools. The company was founded in 1841 and is headquartered in Bronx, NY.	4 years
Sean Grace	M	-	Fordham University Fordham University Other Consumer ServicesConsumer Services Fordham University provides college and university. It offers undergraduate colleges and graduate & professional schools. The company was founded in 1841 and is headquartered in Bronx, NY.	2 years
John Michael Mauro	M	-	Fordham University Fordham University Other Consumer ServicesConsumer Services Fordham University provides college and university. It offers undergraduate colleges and graduate & professional schools. The company was founded in 1841 and is headquartered in Bronx, NY.	3 years
Xue Kun Jin	M	59	Fordham University Fordham University Other Consumer ServicesConsumer Services Fordham University provides college and university. It offers undergraduate colleges and graduate & professional schools. The company was founded in 1841 and is headquartered in Bronx, NY.	2 years
Kei A. Sasaki	M	-	Fordham University Fordham University Other Consumer ServicesConsumer Services Fordham University provides college and university. It offers undergraduate colleges and graduate & professional schools. The company was founded in 1841 and is headquartered in Bronx, NY.	4 years
Chris Pettine	M	-	Fordham University Fordham University Other Consumer ServicesConsumer Services Fordham University provides college and university. It offers undergraduate colleges and graduate & professional schools. The company was founded in 1841 and is headquartered in Bronx, NY.	2 years
Todd Munn	M	-	Fordham University Fordham University Other Consumer ServicesConsumer Services Fordham University provides college and university. It offers undergraduate colleges and graduate & professional schools. The company was founded in 1841 and is headquartered in Bronx, NY.	3 years
Mark S. Nurse	M	-	Fordham University Fordham University Other Consumer ServicesConsumer Services Fordham University provides college and university. It offers undergraduate colleges and graduate & professional schools. The company was founded in 1841 and is headquartered in Bronx, NY.	3 years
Steven Siegler	M	-	Fordham University Fordham University Other Consumer ServicesConsumer Services Fordham University provides college and university. It offers undergraduate colleges and graduate & professional schools. The company was founded in 1841 and is headquartered in Bronx, NY.	2 years
Siddharth Jain	M	-	Fordham University Fordham University Other Consumer ServicesConsumer Services Fordham University provides college and university. It offers undergraduate colleges and graduate & professional schools. The company was founded in 1841 and is headquartered in Bronx, NY.	2 years
Ernest Scalberg	M	79	Fordham University Fordham University Other Consumer ServicesConsumer Services Fordham University provides college and university. It offers undergraduate colleges and graduate & professional schools. The company was founded in 1841 and is headquartered in Bronx, NY.	7 years
Brian Rooder	M	-	Fordham University Fordham University Other Consumer ServicesConsumer Services Fordham University provides college and university. It offers undergraduate colleges and graduate & professional schools. The company was founded in 1841 and is headquartered in Bronx, NY.	3 years
Bao Jie Sun	F	54	Fordham University Fordham University Other Consumer ServicesConsumer Services Fordham University provides college and university. It offers undergraduate colleges and graduate & professional schools. The company was founded in 1841 and is headquartered in Bronx, NY.	2 years
Dong Hai Zhang	M	53	Fordham University Fordham University Other Consumer ServicesConsumer Services Fordham University provides college and university. It offers undergraduate colleges and graduate & professional schools. The company was founded in 1841 and is headquartered in Bronx, NY.	2 years
Ari Edelman	M	-	Fordham University Fordham University Other Consumer ServicesConsumer Services Fordham University provides college and university. It offers undergraduate colleges and graduate & professional schools. The company was founded in 1841 and is headquartered in Bronx, NY.	3 years
Christopher Bowen	M	-	Fordham University Fordham University Other Consumer ServicesConsumer Services Fordham University provides college and university. It offers undergraduate colleges and graduate & professional schools. The company was founded in 1841 and is headquartered in Bronx, NY.	2 years
Brian Kelleher	M	-	Fordham University Fordham University Other Consumer ServicesConsumer Services Fordham University provides college and university. It offers undergraduate colleges and graduate & professional schools. The company was founded in 1841 and is headquartered in Bronx, NY.	3 years
Jason Weiss	M	-	Fordham University Fordham University Other Consumer ServicesConsumer Services Fordham University provides college and university. It offers undergraduate colleges and graduate & professional schools. The company was founded in 1841 and is headquartered in Bronx, NY.	3 years
Kristin C. Bentz	F	-	Fordham University Fordham University Other Consumer ServicesConsumer Services Fordham University provides college and university. It offers undergraduate colleges and graduate & professional schools. The company was founded in 1841 and is headquartered in Bronx, NY.	2 years
Bill Campbell	M	-	Fordham University Fordham University Other Consumer ServicesConsumer Services Fordham University provides college and university. It offers undergraduate colleges and graduate & professional schools. The company was founded in 1841 and is headquartered in Bronx, NY.	4 years
Mark Wayne Ulrich	M	-	Fordham University Fordham University Other Consumer ServicesConsumer Services Fordham University provides college and university. It offers undergraduate colleges and graduate & professional schools. The company was founded in 1841 and is headquartered in Bronx, NY.	2 years
Helen Zhang	F	55	Fordham University Fordham University Other Consumer ServicesConsumer Services Fordham University provides college and university. It offers undergraduate colleges and graduate & professional schools. The company was founded in 1841 and is headquartered in Bronx, NY.	2 years
Edward Felice Plank	M	-	Fordham University Fordham University Other Consumer ServicesConsumer Services Fordham University provides college and university. It offers undergraduate colleges and graduate & professional schools. The company was founded in 1841 and is headquartered in Bronx, NY.	2 years
Laurence A. Levy	M	76	Fordham University Fordham University Other Consumer ServicesConsumer Services Fordham University provides college and university. It offers undergraduate colleges and graduate & professional schools. The company was founded in 1841 and is headquartered in Bronx, NY.	9 years
Charlie E. O'Donnell	M	-	Fordham University Fordham University Other Consumer ServicesConsumer Services Fordham University provides college and university. It offers undergraduate colleges and graduate & professional schools. The company was founded in 1841 and is headquartered in Bronx, NY.	4 years
Mark A. Del Priore	M	47	Fordham University Fordham University Other Consumer ServicesConsumer Services Fordham University provides college and university. It offers undergraduate colleges and graduate & professional schools. The company was founded in 1841 and is headquartered in Bronx, NY.	2 years
Jeremy A. Friedman	M	-	Fordham University Fordham University Other Consumer ServicesConsumer Services Fordham University provides college and university. It offers undergraduate colleges and graduate & professional schools. The company was founded in 1841 and is headquartered in Bronx, NY.	2 years
John Paul San Marco	M	-	Fordham University Fordham University Other Consumer ServicesConsumer Services Fordham University provides college and university. It offers undergraduate colleges and graduate & professional schools. The company was founded in 1841 and is headquartered in Bronx, NY.	4 years
Greg C. Zaffiro	M	-	Fordham University Fordham University Other Consumer ServicesConsumer Services Fordham University provides college and university. It offers undergraduate colleges and graduate & professional schools. The company was founded in 1841 and is headquartered in Bronx, NY.	4 years
Alison Mack Pepe	F	-	Fordham University Fordham University Other Consumer ServicesConsumer Services Fordham University provides college and university. It offers undergraduate colleges and graduate & professional schools. The company was founded in 1841 and is headquartered in Bronx, NY.	4 years
Cliff T. Walsh	M	-	Fordham University Fordham University Other Consumer ServicesConsumer Services Fordham University provides college and university. It offers undergraduate colleges and graduate & professional schools. The company was founded in 1841 and is headquartered in Bronx, NY.	2 years
Dina DiCenso	M	-	Fordham University Fordham University Other Consumer ServicesConsumer Services Fordham University provides college and university. It offers undergraduate colleges and graduate & professional schools. The company was founded in 1841 and is headquartered in Bronx, NY.	3 years
Stephen Boscola	M	-	Fordham University Fordham University Other Consumer ServicesConsumer Services Fordham University provides college and university. It offers undergraduate colleges and graduate & professional schools. The company was founded in 1841 and is headquartered in Bronx, NY.	4 years

Statistics

Country	Connections	% of total
United States	100	100.00%

Age of Connections

Active

Past

Male

Female

Members of the board

Executives

Origin of connections